The exterior is also fuzzy, which may pick up a bit more dirt on the trail, but it shouldn’t be a problem if you’re more of a city walker. They’re still soft though, thanks to a terry cloth footbed and liner and shock-absorbing EVA midsole, and a hook-and-loop closure lets you adjust the fit of the top so you aren’t sliding around. Vionic takes this idea seriously, and the slip-on Gemma mules feature a podiatrist-designed structure that’s contoured for arch support and deep heel cup to prevent pronation and even help realign your stride. ![]() It’s always good to have arch support, even just around your house. The exterior is more slipper-like than some, which means it'll get dirtier. The Details: EU 35 to 51 | Wool and rubber All models are also available with a softer leather sole if you prefer your slippers to stay indoors, so there’s a style for everyone. Not that we think you’d have any trouble with these, but for an easy on/off option or lower heel, you can go for the Glerups slides, or if you want extra warmth up your ankles, they also come in a boot style. The size range is extensive (an EU 35 is roughly a US women’s 5, while an EU 51 is around a US men’s 17), and there’s a variety of mix-and-match color combinations for the upper and sole. We also appreciate that they use a renewable resource in wool, rather than going for synthetic composition. (Especially important if you’re sharing a small cabin later.) On the bottom, a rubber sole provides traction against any roots or rocks you may encounter (though may be slippery on wet and icy surfaces). The wool build also means they’re naturally temperature-regulating, keeping you cool or warm as the weather requires, and its moisture-wicking and odor-absorbing capabilities make sweaty, smelly feet a thing of the past. ![]() Glerups are made from a mixture of merino and Gottland sheep wool that will shape to your feet, providing flexible comfort while still keeping your feet supported (yes, even your arches). There are hardier options with more traction available.ĭon’t let the “shoe” in the name fool you, these are some of the most comfortable slippers you can find, inside or out.
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![]() Zac Brown Band, Randy Houser, Gary Allan, and even Country Hall of Famers Alabama found the low spots of their entire careers with 2015 single releases. But 2015 ushered in the worst year for watching previously heralded artists (or at least artists that were not that bad), turning their coats from blue to red, and bearing responsibility for the very worst of what 2015 had to offer. Of course the usual suspects appear on the rap sheet like Luke Bryan, Thomas Rhett, and Sam Hunt. This year included some especially diabolical turns that puts the last 12 months in contention for the worst run for songs in country music history. Augustine Amphitheatre Box Offices,, all Ticketmaster outlets and by phone at (800) 745-3000.And so continued on the unrelenting march of terrible songs in 2015. ![]() Tickets will be available for purchase at the Ponte Vedra Concert Hall and St. Tickets for this seated show go on sale this Friday, June 12 at 10 a.m. In addition to previously mentioned releases, as a performer Lauderdale is credited with production, writing and collaborating on over two dozen albums including Wait ‘Til Spring (Sk圜runch/Dualtone 2003) with Donna the Buffalo and Headed for the Hills (Dualtone 2004), his first total project with Robert Hunter, Planet of Love (Reprise 1991), Pretty Close to the Truth (Atlantic 1994), Every Second Counts (Atlantic 1995), Persimmons (Upstart 1998), Whisper (BNA 1998), Onward Through It All (RCA 1999), The Other Sessions (Dualtone 2001), The Hummingbirds (Dualtone 2002), Bluegrass (Yep Roc 2006), Country Super Hits, Volume 1 (Yep Roc 2006), Honey Songs (Yep Roc 2008), Could We Get Any Closer? (Sk圜runch 2009), Patchwork River (Thirty Tigers 2010), Reason and Rhyme (Sugar Hill Records 2011), Buddy and Jim (2012), Black Roses (2013) and Blue Moon Junction (2013). Ralph Stanley for Lost in the Lonesome Pines (Dualtone) and then for The Bluegrass Diaries (Yep Roc) in 2007. Ralph Stanley and George Jones, can be heard in his songs with his unique sense of melody and lyrical expertise. Lauderdale ’ s musical influences, who include the legendary Dr. He frequently collaborates with legends like Ralph Stanley, Elvis Costello and Robert Hunter and is also a critically acclaimed solo artist with dozens of studio releases, including his latest I’m A Song. He also co-hosts a weekly radio show on SiriusXM with Buddy Miller called “The Buddy & Jim Show,” which NPR’s Fresh Air described a s “.highly entertaining.” Lauderdale is also the host of the popular Music City Roots each week from the Loveless Barn in Nashville and Scenic City Roots monthly in Chattanooga, TN. Lauderdale is often called upon as a player and has toured with the likes of Lucinda Williams, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Rhonda Vincent and Elvis Costello. Lauderdale’s music has been featured regularly on the ABC hit show Nashville, and he has several tracks on the soundtrack of the successful film Pure Country. As a master songwriter, Lauderdale has had his work recorded by artists such as Patty Loveless, Shelby Lynne, Solomon Burke, The Dixie Chicks and George Strait, who has had numerous hits with Lauderdale ’s songs. He has helped pave the way of the current Americana Movement recording records and writing songs that cross genres from country, pop, roots, rock, folk and bluegrass. ![]() He first immersed himself in the early country music scenes of both New York City and Los Angeles before breaking through in Nashville as a songwriter. Lauderdale has always stayed true to his North Carolina roots but is influenced from the experience of his travels. His record, Buddy and Jim, which he wrote and recorded with longtime friend and collaborator Buddy Miller, was nominated for a GRAMMY in the Best Americana Album category and several Americana Music Awards, a show which he has hosted since 2002. Jim Lauderdale is a multiple GRAMMY and Americana Music Association Award-winning musician and one of the most respected artists working the Americana, Bluegrass and Country music communities today. “Few current acts sing with the command and authority Lauderdale brings to his performances, and fewer still have a set of songs at their disposal as good.” - All Music Guide Tickets for Jim Lauderdale & His Band will go on sale to the public this Friday, June 12 at 10 a.m. (June 8, 2015) - The Ponte Vedra Concert Hall and Flying Saucer Presents proudly welcome GRAMMY-award winning Americana musician Jim Lauderdale & His Band on Friday, August 14, 2015. ![]() Spectrobes: Beyond The Portals includes DGamer, Disney Interactive Studios' innovative technology that provides a fun, connected online game community for Disney video game fans. In addition, the code input cards available from Spectrobes are compatible with Spectrobes: Beyond The Portals. Additional cards will be available in the future through individual retail offers and other offers. The game includes a random pack of four collectible cards, each of which can be placed over the touch screen and used to enter a code with the stylus that unlocks new content. Code input cards, which were introduced with Spectrobes, have been redesigned and will be unveiled with the game. The local wireless features include battle modes for two or four players (either as two-player teams or individually) trading creatures and fossils and transferring existing creatures from Spectrobes to Spectrobes: Beyond The Portals (two Nintendo DS systems required during the transferring process). The Wi-Fi market feature enables players to list and sell their creatures to other players globally using in-game currency, known as Gura. ![]() Players can form squads with their friends to determine the best player among them. Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection features include: the debut of online battle a variety of content available for download and a robust global community site with player profiles, 50 achievable emblems, leaderboards and squads. The innovation from the first game continues with Spectrobes: Beyond The Portals. Also, for the first time, the game includes the ability to play as Rallen's partner, Jeena, to solve challenges during special missions. These include a new story two new battle types - one with the Spectrobes and another with the main character, Rallen a new, revamped three-dimensional perspective with a view from behind the character a map to assist with exploration new excavation features more than double the amount of Spectrobes and new Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection and local wireless features. "The Spectrobes franchise is a major focus for Disney Interactive Studios and this new release will continue to excite players worldwide." Overseen by Disney Interactive Studios' Tokyo office and developed by Kyoto, Japan-based Jupiter Corp., the studio behind Spectrobes and the critically acclaimed The World Ends With You from Square Enix, Inc., Spectrobes: Beyond The Portals has a wide array of new features. "Spectrobes: Beyond The Portals is an ambitious and immersive Nintendo DS game that significantly expands upon the features of the original," said Craig Relyea, senior vice president of global marketing, Disney Interactive Studios. The story surrounds the origins of mysterious portals that lead to distant solar systems and introduces new characters, including the dark Spectrobes. Spectrobes: Beyond The Portals for Nintendo DS continues the story of Rallen and Jeena, planetary patrol officers who discover, excavate, awaken and train mysterious fossilized creatures known as Spectrobes and then use them to battle enemies, known as the Krawl. ![]() Bottom lineĪll things considered, PDF Creator for Windows 7 comes with a useful bunch of features for helping you easily generate PDF files from printable documents, and is suitable for rookies and professionals alike. You can make the application prompt for PDF filename or automatically output PDF files to a custom folder, remove finished printing jobs from the queue, and show a message notification at the end of the task. Plus, you can allow printing and changes, copying of text, images and other content, as well as text access for screen reader devices for visually impaired people. ![]() PDF Creator for Windows 7 lets you change fonts, choose CMYK, sRGB, RGB output for images, encrypt your documents using the 128-bit RCA algorithm, and set up passwords for opening the document and enabling permissions. The batch conversion ability makes the software one of. Specifically, you can turn Word, Excel, PowerPoint, TXT, CAD, and image files into PDFs using its powerful converter. Windows 11, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7 SP1. It allows you to create PDF files by converting printable documents. Téléchargez PDFCreator Free pour créer des fichiers PDF, fusionner des PDF, sécuriser vos documents PDF et utiliser ses nombreuses fonctions automatisées. Fonts, color, security, and output options SwifDoo PDF is a compact, easy-to-use, and responsive PDF creator for Windows 11/10/8.1/7/XP devices. PDF Creator Pro for Windows 10 latest version: Create PDF file on Windows 8 and Wind. You are allowed to downscale monochrome, gray or color photos, select the compression algorithm and downsampling method, manually enter the pixels per inch values, as well as alter the image quality. PDF Creator Pro for Windows 10 (Windows), free and safe download. PDF Creator for Windows 7 lets you choose between several preset page size options or manually input the preferred size, select the paper orientation (portrait or landscape), set up the PDF quality (resolution and scale), and preview the changes applied to the document. The streamlined interface simplifies your PDF work to edit, convert, comment, annotate, merge, split. Plus, you can provide details about the filename and saving directory. EaseUS PDF Editor is packed with PDF maker, reader, editor, converter, OCR, and AI tools. PDF Server installs a shared PDF Server printer on the server, and allow your users to create PDF files on their client-side by printing from any Windows program to this shared PDF printer, and get quality PDF output. Deploy PDF creation capabilities across your organization. This service is exceptional given its many unique features however, what sets it apart is that it can act as a virtual printer and easily convert any Word document into a PDF format. Version: 7., Size: 2.00 Mb : PDF Server for Windows 2008. PrimoPDF is a great PDF creator for Windows 7 and above PCs. You can convert a document to PDF file format by simply accessing the printing function from any third-party program. Non-tech savvy find its interface complex to use. It works with any applications that support the printing function. 2007 formats), “”, “StarOffice” documents and the new OpenDocument standard, different images formats and many more.PDF Creator for Windows 7 installs itself as a printer on your system and allows you to convert any printable document to PDF file format. So you use 7-PDF Maker for archiving your documents to PDF /A-1.ħ-PDF Maker supports 84 different file formats like “Microsoft Office “Microsoft Office” (incl. User Rating:(Rate It) 9 (56 ) 7 (44 ) Comments. Once installed it will allow you to convert any type of printable documents to. Windows XP / Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 10. doPDF is a free PDF printer that does what the name suggests, creates PDF files. 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The Software 7-PDF Maker is a PDF Creator with an integrated Window-Explorer Extension AddOn and a Command Line Application for Windows. Real PDF Creator for Windows 11/10/8.1/8/7/Vista/XP. With your membership, you can go to any location and use all of the equipment and amenities. Anytime Fitness has over 4,500 locations all over the world. You can use your membership at any location.Members can use their key fobs to get into the gym at any time of the day or night. ![]() There is also a lot of contagious, positive energy in the gym. If you’re new to fitness and nervous about going to the gym for the first time, the staff will make you feel comfortable. The environment is friendly and motivating.Below are the pros and cons of Anytime Fitness. Anytime Fitness: Pros & ConsĮach gym will have some good and bad things about it. To find out if Anytime Fitness is the right gym for you, I recommend calling or dropping in to try it out for yourself. Other locations will have different equipment, classes, and amenities. It’s important to note that this review is based on my experience at the Cliffside Park, NJ location. It didn’t have a ton of equipment, but the equipment they do have suited my goals and I was able to get a good workout in while I was there. The employees and members were all friendly when I visited, and the overall environment was welcoming and motivating. If I didn’t have my home gym, I would sign up for an Anytime Fitness membership. There’s also a separate training area for some group classes and functional fitness workouts. The cardio machines, resistance machines, and free weights all have their own areas. The Anytime Fitness location I visited is small, but every section of the gym is labeled. When I visited, it seemed like there were tight-knit groups of friends who either took the group classes together or did similar workouts together and kept each other motivated. At lunchtime and in the evening, you’ll find people from a variety of age groups since most people will be working out on their lunch breaks or after work.įrom what I’ve seen, the members enjoy working out at the Cliffside Park location. In the late morning, you’ll probably find seniors and women in their 30s or 40s, who I presume are stay-at-home moms. The early morning gym-goers tend to be dedicated individuals and while they’re polite, they’re more likely to stick to their own routines and not talk to anyone else. The type of people you’ll see at Anytime Fitness depends on when you go. I have no doubt that they’d jump in if anyone felt uncomfortable or people were breaking the rules. I didn’t notice any members doing anything inappropriate while I was there, but I’ve heard that the staff at this location is serious about maintaining a safe environment for everyone. They gave me a quick tour of the gym and made sure I didn’t need any assistance before I started working out. The staff was friendly and helpful and never once pushed me into signing up for a membership. The gym had a positive and welcoming vibe, that’s hard to accomplish in a chain gym. My Experience Working Out At Anytime FitnessĪs soon as I walked into the Anytime Fitness in Cliffside Park, NJ, I felt like I belonged. Complaints about Anytime Fitness and a list of alternatives.Whether or not personal training at Anytime Fitness is worth it.What the policies of Anytime Fitness are. ![]() The equipment and amenities you’ll find at Anytime Fitness.What an Anytime Fitness membership costs.The pros and cons of an Anytime Fitness membership. ![]() In this article, I’ll talk about my experience when I visited and why an Anytime Fitness membership is worth it for most people. The facilities are clean, there’s a good mix of strength and cardio equipment, and the gym is convenient since you can use your membership at any location, and they’re open 24/7. So, is an Anytime Fitness membership worth it? An Anytime Fitness membership is worth it for non-competitive powerlifters, CrossFitters, or recreational gym-goers. I recently visited Anytime Fitness with one of my friends to find out if a membership is worth it. Anytime Fitness is a 24-hour chain gym with over 4,500 locations worldwide. ![]() The flavouring used for Red Bull is still produced in Bangkok and exported worldwide. In many countries, both drinks are available, dominating both ends of the price spectrum. ![]() Pricing was a key differentiator, with Red Bull positioned as a premium drink and Krating Daeng as a lower cost item. Red Bull re-positioned the drink as a trendy, upscale drink, first introducing it at Austrian ski resorts. In Thailand, energy drinks are most popular with blue-collar workers. The product was first launched in Austria on 1 April 1987. They gave the remaining two percent to Yoovidhya's son, Chalerm, but it was agreed that Mateschitz would run the company. Yoovidhya and Mateschitz each held a 49 percent share of the new company. Each partner invested US$500,000 of savings to fund the company. In 1984, Mateschitz co-founded Red Bull GmbH with Yoovidhya and turned it into an international brand. During his visit, Mateschitz discovered that Krating Daeng helped cure his jet lag. While working for German manufacturer Blendax (later acquired by Procter & Gamble) in 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz travelled to Thailand and met Chaleo, owner of T.C. It was popular among Thai truck drivers and labourers. In 1976, Chaleo Yoovidhya introduced a drink called Krating Daeng in Thailand, which means "red gaur" in English. History In front of the Potala Palace, Tibet: a large can of the Chinese version of Red Bull. Both Red Bull and Kraeting Daeng use the same red bull on yellow sun logo while continuing to market their drinks separately in the Thai and Western markets. In 1996, Red Bull began operation in the United States, and has seen steady growth ever since. In 1987, the company sold its first can of Red Bull in Austria. When branding their new product, Mateschitz referenced Krating Daeng's name: in Thai, daeng means red, and a krating (known in English as a gaur or Indian bison) is a large species of wild bovine native to the Indian subcontinent. In 1984, the two founded Red Bull GmbH in Fuschl am See, Salzburg, Austria. Mateschitz sought to create a partnership with Yoovidhya and formulated a product that would suit the tastes of Westerners, such as by carbonating the drink. While doing business in Thailand, Dietrich Mateschitz purchased a can of Krating Daeng and claimed it cured his jet lag. Red Bull was first derived from a similar drink called Krating Daeng which originated in Thailand and was introduced by the pharmacist Chaleo Yoovidhya. In addition to sport series, its marketing includes multiple sports team ownerships celebrity endorsements and music, through its Red Bull Records label. Rather than following a traditional marketing approach, Red Bull has generated awareness and created a "brand myth" through proprietary extreme sport event series such as Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series, Red Bull Air Race, Red Bull Crashed Ice and standout stunts such as the Stratos space diving project. Its slogan, "Red Bull Gives You Wings", is considered one of the most popular and memorable advertising slogans in the world. Originally available only in a single nondescript flavor sold in a tall and slim silver-blue can, called Red Bull Energy Drink, the drink added numerous variants over time. Sinсe its launch in 1987, more than 100 billion cans of Red Bull have been sold worldwide, including over 11.5 billion in 2022. With a market share of 43%, it is the most popular energy drink brand as of 2020, and the third most valuable soft drink brand, behind Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Red Bull is a brand of energy drinks created and owned by the Austrian company Red Bull GmbH. Caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, sucrose and glucose, B-group vitamins, and water ![]() The germ contains nourishment for the seed (and consumers such as yourself) such as antioxidants, vitamin E, B vitamins, protein, minerals, and oils. It provides fiber, B vitamins, and trace minerals. The bran is the outer shell that protects the seed. While these terms have similar definitions, there are some vast differences between them.Ī whole grain kernel - or seed - is composed of three parts: the bran, the endosperm, and the germ. In the UK, people refer to full grain related products as wholemeal, while people in the United States refer to these products as whole grain or whole wheat. Bread, multigrain.The terms wholemeal, whole grain, and whole wheat are used interchangeably in different countries. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central. Bread, whole-wheat, commercially prepared. Whole- and refined-grain consumption and longitudinal changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in the framingham offspring cohort. The influence of the use of whole grain flour from sprouted wheat grain on the rheological and microstructural properties of dough and bread. ![]() Eating, diet, & nutrition for celiac disease. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Overview of the composition of whole grains’ phenolic acids and dietary fibre and their effect on chronic non-communicable diseases. Whole grains and consumer understanding: Investigating consumers’ identification, knowledge and attitudes to whole grains. The inhibition of amylase and ACE enzyme and the reduction of immunoreactivity of sourdough bread. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020 - 2025.ĭiowksz, A., et al. Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science.ĭietary Guidelines for Americans. Whole grains in amelioration of metabolic derangements. Is sprouted grain also considered whole grain?īenincasa, P., et al. The fermentation process boosts nutrient content in the bread and makes the minerals easier to digest than regular multigrain or whole grain bread. Sourdough breads made using traditional fermentation methods contain beneficial lactic acid bacteria. If you come across a multigrain or whole wheat sourdough bread, that may offer extra benefits over their regular counterparts. How about multigrain or whole wheat sourdough bread? So in addition to the nutrition facts label, it’s equally important to read through the ingredient list, too. Keep in mind, it’s possible for both multigrain and whole wheat bread to contain added sugar like high-fructose corn syrup and other chemicals. At the same time, it also has less folate and more carbs. As we see from the above chart, it is possible for some multigrain bread varieties to contain slightly more fiber, protein, and fat than whole grain bread. If it is made from whole grains, it can be nutritionally similar to whole wheat bread.Įven then, there may not always be a clear winner. It depends on which grains the multigrain bread is made from. Other popular whole grains include:Įssentially, all whole wheat bread products are whole grain. Whole wheat is one type of a whole grain - but it is not the only one. Is whole wheat bread the same as whole grain bread? Multigrain bread made with whole grains, may be made using: The ingredient list of a refined multigrain bread may include: Multigrain bread is often made with refined grains. For instance, it does not specify which grains are used and whether they are whole or refined. But beyond that, on its own, the term does not offer more information. Multigrain bread refers to bread that is made with more than one grain. It’s high in fiber and several nutrients, including iron, potassium, and B vitamins. Whole wheat is a whole grain that’s often used to make bread. ![]() ![]() Users just need to launch and access Windows applications right from the Dock, and easily drag and drop and copy and paste between them. It’s seamless and most tightly integrated allows users to use Mac and Windows applications side-by-side without restarting the machine. Microsoft Office, Visual Studio, Quicken and QuickBooks for Windows, Access, Project, Autodesk Revit and Inventor, CorelDRAW, ArcGIS, Visio, Internet Explorer, and Adobe Photoshop could be run without compromise. The interface seems overwhelming at first sight since it throws all kinds of tools to the user, but this is precisely the way functions are typically organized in such a powerful application. It can be used by both novices and experienced individuals. It is a very helpful program for developers, programmers, coders, graphic designers, web developers, and video editors as it overcomes the compatibility issues of different operations systems. Parallels Desktop Business Edition is an effective piece of software that aims to help you the possibility to run different operating systems on your Mac. Parallels Desktop Business Edition 17 Review Parallels Desktop Business Edition v17.1.4-51567 Free Download.System Requirements for Parallels Desktop Business Edition 17 for Mac.Technical Details of Parallels Desktop Business Edition 17 for Mac.Features of Parallels Desktop Business Edition 17.Parallels Desktop Business Edition 17 Review. ![]() The tool will help you in backing all your data on the online cloud which you can access from different devices later on.ĬCleaner is available both for Windows and Mac operating system. If you are using Dropbox or are looking for an online cloud storage service then you can install the Dropbox Mac client on your system. You might be using iCloud for backing up all the data but it is sure that one day you are going to run out of space on your iCloud account. The app is available for free and the best part about is that there are no advertisements. You can share the articles, photos with your friends using mail and social media as there is social media integration in Pocket. The beautiful view of the app makes reading more interesting. Along with content, you will be able to save photos, articles, and videos. The pocket is your own reader app which you can use to save the content you like on the internet. Pocket is a great app for people who like to browse the internet and love reading about new things. If you want your system to keep running for the entire time you need to try Nosleep, which is also one of the must have apps for mac. There is an option to set the time during which you want to screen to be awake. You can perform both compression and extraction with this software in just a single click. Using this app is very simple as with a single click, one will be able to perform the operations. There are many formats which are supported by Unarchiver. Unarchiver is a tool which can be used to extract different file formats. If the files which you have downloaded are with rar or a zip format, then you have to use a software to extract the files so that you can use them. ![]() Read also: What is the Fastest Web Browser for Windows 10, 8 and 7? (3) Unarchiver Google Chrome is a great alternative to Safari as it comes with the minimal user interface and consumes very fewer resources. If you have shifted from Windows or are looking for a less resource consumption browser then you can use Google Chrome. Safari is the default browser which comes with Mac operating system. The interface of the app is clean and user-friendly which make it extremely easy for one to use it. You may also be interested in checking out: Elmedia Player – The Best Free Media Player for Mac OS X (2) Google Chrome The application is available for free and can be used for listening songs, watching movies and videos and also streaming content off the internet. The formats which are not compatible with Quicktime Player will even work with VLC Media Player as one can install different codecs. In order to watch movies and videos, you can use VLC Media Player, one of the best mac apps which support playback of multiple video formats. There are a lot of video formats which are out there. ![]() So let’s have a look at the list of top 25 must have Mac apps: (1) VLC Media Player Whether you are looking for some must have apps for MacBook pro or best free apps for MacBook air, this detailed guide of top best free must have apps for Mac OS X going to help you a lot. So, if you have just got yourself a brand-new Mac and totally clueless what to install, this must have Mac apps article is absolutely perfect for you. The basic purpose of this must have apps for Mac OS X guide is to help you in selecting some of the best apps for Mac and installing them on your Mac system. Although, there’s no shortage of beneficial, interesting apps for the Mac, but some of them you just can’t live without. The average particle size of ASNWs were 172–238 nm ( Perumal et al. Prepared ASNWs were taken in Petri dishes, dried in hot air oven at 80 ☌ and stored in closed containers. The obtained reaction mixture was washed five times with ethanol and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 15 min. For the synthesis of ASNWs, 0.4 ml of HDTMOS was added and 12 h of reaction time was provided for hydrolysis of HDTMOS. The mixture was undisturbed overnight at ambient temperature for the hydrolysis of TEOS. 2 ml of TEOS was added to introduce the hydrophilic character to the prepared surfactants. To this solution, 5 ml of deionized water, 1 ml of 0.18M of the sodium citrate aqueous solution, 1.15 ml of ammonium hydroxide solution and 30 ml of ethanol were added, and immediate gentle shaking was provided to the mixture for 30 sec to keep all the components well mixed. 15 g of PVP was dissolved in 150 ml 1-pentanol and sonicated for 35 min. The ASNWs were prepared by wet chemical process. The contribution level of each of these process parameters and its significance have been analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) ( Reyhani & Meighani 2015). S/N ratios have been calculated for the batch process optimization by using three methods, namely – nominal-the-better, smaller-the-better and larger-the-better ( Shahavi et al. S/N ratios have been used to analyse the contribution of each and every experimental factor. This method reduces the experimental cost and enhances the reliability of the results. Taguchi suggested that the orthogonal arrays for controlling the parameters should be applied in order to determine the level of factors for the experimental design ( Nagpal et al. ![]() Genichi Taguchi developed the Taguchi experimental design method to evaluate the effect of the process parameters and to determine the optimal process conditions in order to achieve the maximum efficiency with minimal experimental runs ( Hsu et al. So, a comprehensive and detailed study on PELM preparation and its application for extraction of Cu (II) and Cd (II) from aqueous solution has been carried out and, additionally, an experimental design for multivariable optimization by Taguchi design had also been investigated. Until now, to the best of our knowledge, the removal of Cu (II) and Cd (II) from aqueous solution by the PELM technique has not been reported by the research community. Pickering Emulsion Liquid Membrane (PELM) stabilized by the solid particles has received great attention in areas like wastewater treatment, food science, drug delivery, biphasic catalysis, and in the preparation of porous materials ( Xie et al. The emulsions formulated using micro and nano-sized solid particles as stabilizers are called Pickering emulsions ( Hedjazi & Razavi 2018). The pioneering work of Ramsden, which resulted in Pickering emulsion, has opened a new window to emulsion science, and it is now renowned that the solid colloid particles would be the best alternative for conventional emulsion stabilizers. The surfactants are repeatedly adsorbed and desorbed at the interface of the ELM, which leads to phase separation ( Zeng et al. The ELM is a double emulsion type membrane with either water in oil in water (w/o/w) emulsion, or oil in water in oil (o/w/o) emulsion. ![]() The ELM system consists of three phases: (i) wastewater as in the feed phase, (ii) a diluent along with an extractant and a surfactant as in the membrane phase and (iii) NaOH, as in the stripping phase. The Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is an effective technique for the recovery of the various toxic organic and inorganic compounds from wastewater when compared to the conventional methods like liquid – liquid extraction, solid – liquid extraction, and so on. The higher values of F and lower values of P (less than 0.05) indicate pH is the most significant parameter on the percentage extraction of Cu (II) and Cd (II) using the Taguchi design approach. The impact of each process factor on the extraction efficiency of Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions has been verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Non-edible oils were used as diluent in this present study to reduce the need for toxic organic solvents in preparing PELM. At optimum conditions, the extraction efficiency of 89.77% and 91.19% for Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions were achieved. The influence of the process parameters such as pH, the stripping phase concentration, the agitation speed, and the carrier concentration on the extraction efficiency have been examined to find the optimum conditions at which the maximum recovery of Cu (II) and Cd (II) could take place. In the present study, the extraction of divalent heavy metals like copper and cadmium using a Pickering Emulsion Liquid Membrane (PELM) has been investigated by using three different surfactants such as Amphiphilic silica nanowires (ASNWs), Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Alumina) and Sorbitan monooleate (SPAN 80). |
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